Iskele, a quaint town located on the eastern coast of Cyprus, is one of the most scenic and historically significant regions on the island. While it may not be as widely known as Nicosia or Famagusta, Iskele (also called Trikomo in Greek) has a deeply rooted history that spans thousands of years. Its architectural landscape is equally diverse, reflecting influences from ancient Greek settlers, medieval Byzantine rulers, and the later Ottoman and British colonial periods. Modern-day Iskele is a blend of this rich history and cultural heritage, making it an intriguing destination for those interested in the past.
Historical Overview
Ancient Beginnings: The Early Settlements
The region around Iskele has been inhabited since ancient times, and its proximity to the ancient city of Salamis—one of Cyprus’ most significant ancient cities—played a crucial role in its early development. Founded around the 11th century BC, Salamis was a thriving trade hub and cultural center in Cyprus. Though Iskele itself did not develop into a major city-state, it was influenced by its proximity to Salamis and the resulting economic activity.
Salamis, located just a few kilometers south of Iskele, was a key player in the classical world, connecting Cyprus to important trade routes between Greece, Egypt, and the Levant. The influence of Salamis can still be felt in Iskele, with archaeological evidence indicating that the area was part of the ancient city’s agricultural hinterland. The fertile land of Iskele was likely used for farming and supporting the economic needs of the greater Salamis region. The town’s connection to Salamis continued throughout the Greek and Roman periods, fostering a cultural exchange that shaped the local identity.
The Byzantine Period: Rise of Christianity
With the fall of Salamis in the 4th century AD due to earthquakes and Arab invasions, the region entered a new phase under the Byzantine Empire. Christianity spread rapidly across Cyprus during this period, leading to the construction of many churches and monasteries throughout the island, including in the Iskele area. This era marks the beginning of Iskele’s development as a religious and agricultural center.
The most significant structure from the Byzantine era in Iskele is the Panagia Theotokos Church, an example of early Christian architecture. Built in the 10th century, the church stands as one of the town’s most important historical landmarks. Panagia Theotokos is a domed basilica, typical of Byzantine religious architecture, with its stone walls, arched windows, and frescoed interior reflecting the artistic styles of the time. The church’s influence on the town’s identity is still apparent, with many local festivals and religious celebrations centered around this important site.
Lusignan and Venetian Rule: A Blend of Gothic and Medieval Influence
Cyprus came under the control of the Lusignan dynasty in 1192, and Iskele, along with the rest of the island, saw a significant influx of Western European culture. The Lusignans, a French noble family, established the Kingdom of Cyprus, which ruled the island for almost three centuries. During this period, Gothic architecture was introduced, and its influence can be seen in the cathedrals and fortifications built during this time.
While Iskele was not as heavily fortified as cities like Famagusta or Nicosia, the town did experience architectural changes during this period. Several churches and monasteries were built or renovated in the Gothic style, combining the region’s Byzantine heritage with the newer European influences. The most prominent example of this is the Church of Panagia Kyra, located near the town. Though originally built during the Byzantine period, the church was renovated by the Lusignans and features a mix of Byzantine and Gothic architectural elements, such as pointed arches and ribbed vaults.
Following the Lusignan period, Cyprus fell under the control of the Venetians in 1489, who were focused on fortifying the island against the rising Ottoman threat. While Iskele itself did not see the same level of fortification as other cities, the Venetians contributed to the agricultural infrastructure of the region. They enhanced the network of irrigation canals and watermills, ensuring that the fertile lands around Iskele continued to produce crops.
Ottoman Rule: A Transformation of Culture and Architecture
The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1571 marked the beginning of a new era for Iskele. Under Ottoman rule, the town experienced a shift in both its cultural and architectural landscape. The Ottomans introduced Islamic architecture and customs to the region, significantly transforming the built environment of Iskele.
One of the most prominent Ottoman contributions to the town’s architecture is the Iskele Mosque (also known as the Atik Mosque). This mosque, which dates back to the early Ottoman period, is a simple yet elegant structure that reflects the architectural style typical of smaller Ottoman towns. Its square prayer hall, topped with a modest dome and a single minaret, symbolizes the Islamic influence that permeated Cyprus during Ottoman rule. The mosque’s use of local stone and its minimalistic design reflect the integration of Ottoman architectural traditions with the local Cypriot context.
In addition to mosques, the Ottomans built public baths (hammams), fountains, and caravanserais (inns for travelers) throughout Cyprus, including in the Iskele area. These structures were not only functional but also served as social hubs for the community, where people gathered for relaxation and conversation. The Ottoman fountains, or çeşmes, found in and around Iskele, are simple stone constructions that provided water for the local population. Their continued use well into the modern era speaks to their durability and the central role they played in daily life.
The Ottoman influence also extended to residential architecture. Traditional Ottoman houses in Iskele, much like those found in other Cypriot towns, were typically built from stone and wood, with courtyards and gardens enclosed by high walls. These homes were designed to provide privacy and coolness in the hot Mediterranean climate. Many of these houses still stand today, showcasing the Ottoman architectural legacy in Iskele.
British Colonial Era: A Time of Modernization
In 1878, Cyprus was leased to the British Empire, ushering in a new period of modernization. While much of the focus was on improving infrastructure and agricultural output, the British also left their mark on the architectural landscape of Iskele. Colonial-style buildings were introduced, often for administrative purposes, and were characterized by their simplicity and functionality.
The British invested in the development of roads, schools, and government buildings, many of which still exist today. These structures typically feature neoclassical elements, such as columns, large windows, and symmetrical facades, reflecting the British preference for formal and orderly architecture. Although Iskele remained primarily an agricultural town during this period, the British influence is still visible in its public buildings, many of which are now used for modern purposes.
The Iskele Market, for example, was established during the British era and continues to serve as a center of commerce for the town. The market building itself is an example of colonial-era functional design, with a simple yet robust structure that has stood the test of time.
Architectural Highlights of Iskele
Panagia Theotokos Church
The Panagia Theotokos Church is one of the most important historical landmarks in Iskele. As mentioned earlier, it is a Byzantine-era church that has undergone several modifications throughout its history, reflecting the various cultural influences that have shaped the town. Its domed roof, stone walls, and frescoes are characteristic of Byzantine religious architecture, while later additions from the Lusignan and Ottoman periods add layers of historical significance to the site.
The church’s interior is adorned with iconic frescoes depicting scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary. These frescoes, some of which date back to the 12th century, are important examples of Byzantine religious art and provide insight into the religious practices and artistic traditions of the time.
Ottoman Fountains and Hammams
The Ottoman fountains scattered throughout the town are simple yet elegant examples of Islamic civic architecture. These stone structures were built to provide water to the local population and are often located near mosques or public squares. Though small in size, these fountains are a reminder of the importance of water in the daily lives of the people and the role of the Ottomans in developing the town’s infrastructure.
The hammams, or Turkish baths, built during the Ottoman period, were central to the social life of the town. Although many of these baths are no longer in use, their remains provide a glimpse into the Ottoman emphasis on cleanliness and community gatherings.
Traditional Ottoman Houses
Many of the traditional Ottoman houses in Iskele have been well-preserved, offering a window into the town’s past. These houses are typically two-story stone structures with wooden balconies and red-tiled roofs, designed to keep the interiors cool during the hot Cypriot summers. The houses often feature courtyards, which served as private outdoor spaces for families to relax and socialize. These homes are a testament to the adaptability of Ottoman architecture to the Mediterranean climate and way of life.
Iskele’s Modern Development
In recent years, Iskele has seen significant growth, particularly in the form of tourism and residential development. The town’s proximity to beautiful beaches and its relatively unspoiled environment have attracted both
